Reverse osmosis (RO) is the world’s leading demineralization technology. It is used to provide clean water for potable and ultrapure uses as well as to treat wastewater for recycle or reuse. Regardless of the application or industry, the basics of RO are the same. This book provides the reader with in-depth knowledge about RO basics for any application. This third edition is completely updated, still covering the basics of RO but with new insights as to how to optimize performance. Sections cover history of RO, membrane and transport model development, pretreatment to minimize membrane deposition and damage, effective cleaning and troubleshooting methods, data collection and analysis, and a new section on RO and water sustainability including alternative membrane materials and high-recovery RO.